References List
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{ "current_page": 1, "last_page": 35, "next_page_url": "https://pk-db.com/api/v1/_references/?format=api&page=2", "prev_page_url": null, "data": { "count": 690, "data": [ { "pmid": "1263112", "sid": "1263112", "name": "Lowenthal1976", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen elimination by anephric patients.", "abstract": "The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen elimination were determined in five surgically anephric and five physiologically anephric patients on an interdialysis day, and in three normal adult volunteers. There was no significant difference in the biologic half-life and no apparent difference in the volume of distribution of acetaminophen between the three groups of subjects but the anephrics, unlike the normal subjects, showed pronounced accumulation of acetaminophen glucuronide and sulfate in plasma. The apparent volume of distribution for conjugated acetaminophen is considerably smaller than that for the unmetabolized drug even though neither acetaminophen nor its glucuronide or sulfate is significantly bound to plasma proteins. The results of this study indicate that the kidneys do not contribute significantly to the elimination of acetaminophen in man. Sin ce acetaminophen is eliminated largely by conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate, it can be concluded that the kidneys do not contribute significantly to the formation of these metabolites.", "journal": "The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics", "date": "1976-07-06", "authors": [ { "id": 1, "first_name": "D T", "last_name": "Lowenthal" }, { "id": 2, "first_name": "S", "last_name": "Oie" }, { "id": 3, "first_name": "J C", "last_name": "Van Stone" }, { "id": 4, "first_name": "W A", "last_name": "Briggs" }, { "id": 5, "first_name": "G", "last_name": "Levy" } ] }, { "pmid": "4942784", "sid": "4942784", "name": "Levy1971b", "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600600423", "title": "Drug biotransformation interactions in man. V. Acetaminophen and salicylic acid.", "journal": "Journal of pharmaceutical sciences", "date": "1972-02-22", "authors": [ { "id": 6, "first_name": "G", "last_name": "Levy" }, { "id": 7, "first_name": "C G", "last_name": "Regårdh" } ] }, { "sid": "Sanaka2002", "name": "Sanaka2002", "title": "Gastric emptying of liquids is delayed by co-ingesting solids: a study using salivary paracetamol concentrations", "journal": "Gastroenterology", "date": "2002-10-10", "authors": [ { "id": 8, "first_name": "Masaki", "last_name": "Sanaka" }, { "id": 9, "first_name": "Satoru", "last_name": "Mineshita" } ] }, { "pmid": "499292", "sid": "499292", "name": "Forrest1979", "title": "Paracetamol metabolism in chronic liver disease.", "abstract": "The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates were measured in eight normal subjects, eight patients with mild liver disease and seven patients with severe liver disease following an oral dose of 1.5 g of paracetamol. The mean plasma paracetamol half-life was similar in normal subjects (2.43 h +/- 0.19) but was significantly prolonged in all patients with severe liver disease (4.25 h +/- 1.15:p = less than 0.001). Prolongation of the paracetamol half-life was related to reduced plasma albumin and increased prothrombin time. The mean ratios of plasma concentrations of unchanged paracetamol to paracetamol glucoronide and sulphate were significantly greater in patients with sever liver disease than the normal subjects. There were no significant differences in the overall 24-h urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the three groups. The glutathione conjugation of paracetamol did not seem to be impaired in patients with severe liver disease as evidence by the production of normal amounts of the cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. There is thus no evidence that they are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity when given a single therapeutic dose of paracetamol.", "journal": "European journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1980-01-24", "authors": [ { "id": 10, "first_name": "J A", "last_name": "Forrest" }, { "id": 11, "first_name": "P", "last_name": "Adriaenssens" }, { "id": 12, "first_name": "N D", "last_name": "Finlayson" }, { "id": 13, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" } ] }, { "pmid": "7263926", "sid": "7263926", "name": "Lee1981", "title": "The effect of obesity on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in man.", "abstract": "This study examined the absorption and disposition of orally administered acetaminophen in morbidly obese patients as compared to subjects of normal weight, and possible changes in disposition as the patients underwent weight reduction through dietary modification. The overall disposition of acetaminophen was not affected by a weight loss of 8 to 30 kg; elimination half-life, time to reach the peak, and peak plasma concentration varied within each subject but not in a systematic way. The half-life was the same in the obese patients (2.6 +/- 0.85 hours) and normal subjects (2.6 +/- 0.12 hours). However, maximum plasma concentrations were reached at a significantly later time and were significantly lower in the obese patients as compared to the normals, implying an apparently lower absorption rate. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for the obese patients when normalized to ideal body weight was more consistent with that in the normal subjects than when normalized to total body weight. Administration of a normal dose of acetaminophen to an obese patient should yield plasma levels in the same range as persons of normal weight. As total weight may exceed 200 per cent of the ideal weight in this patient group, dosing according to total rather than ideal weight could lead to toxic or lethal effects when using the 10 mg/kg dosing recommendation.", "journal": "Journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1981-10-25", "authors": [ { "id": 14, "first_name": "W H", "last_name": "Lee" }, { "id": 15, "first_name": "W G", "last_name": "Kramer" }, { "id": 16, "first_name": "G E", "last_name": "Granville" } ] }, { "pmid": "7397056", "sid": "7397056", "name": "Mucklow1980", "title": "Environmental factors affecting paracetamol metabolism in London factory and office workers.", "abstract": "A Paracetamol elimination was measured, using serial saliva samples, in 114 London factory and office workers, 76 Whites and 38 Asian immigrants. 2. Use of social drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and the oral contraceptive varied considerably within the sample, being appreciably greater in White subjects. 3. Paracetamol clearance was 21% slower in Asians than in Whites and half-life 18% longer. The total range of clearance was 1.86--6.78 ml min-1 kg-1. 4. Clearance was slower in women than in men, increased with increasing alcohol intake and cigarett consumption, and was more rapid in those women using the oral contraceptive. The effects of alcohol and the oral contraceptive were also found in White subjects alone. 5 The variables found to correlate independently with paracetamol clearance accounted for only 27% of the total sample variance, however, and are unlikely to be the major determinants of paracetamol elimination in man.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1980-10-24", "authors": [ { "id": 470, "first_name": "J C", "last_name": "Mucklow" }, { "id": 471, "first_name": "H S", "last_name": "Fraser" }, { "id": 472, "first_name": "C J", "last_name": "Bulpitt" }, { "id": 473, "first_name": "C", "last_name": "Kahn" }, { "id": 474, "first_name": "G", "last_name": "Mould" }, { "id": 475, "first_name": "C T", "last_name": "Dollery" } ] }, { "pmid": "1487229", "sid": "1487229", "name": "Depre1992", "title": "Tolerance and pharmacokinetics of propacetamol, a paracetamol formulation for intravenous use.", "abstract": "In 12 healthy volunteers, paracetamol pharmacokinetics were compared following administration of 1 g propacetamol HCl given intravenously over a 15-min period and 500 mg paracetamol given orally. Mean +/- SD total AUC (microgram/ml.h) following the iv formulation was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than following oral paracetamol (25.53 +/- 4.27 vs 21.04 +/- 4.49) corresponding to a mean oral bioavailability of paracetamol of 82.2 +/- 9.4%. Between 1 and 2 h after administration, paracetamol plasma concentrations became very similar following both formulations. In another study, 2 g propacetamol HCl was given both as a 15-min infusion and as a 2-min bolus injection to six healthy volunteers. Contrary to mild to moderate local discomfort experienced during the 2-min bolus injection, the 15-min infusion was well tolerated without any complaints reported.", "journal": "Fundamental & clinical pharmacology", "date": "1993-02-24", "authors": [ { "id": 190, "first_name": "M", "last_name": "Depré" }, { "id": 191, "first_name": "A", "last_name": "van Hecken" }, { "id": 192, "first_name": "R", "last_name": "Verbesselt" }, { "id": 193, "first_name": "T B", "last_name": "Tjandra-Maga" }, { "id": 194, "first_name": "M", "last_name": "Gerin" }, { "id": 195, "first_name": "P J", "last_name": "de Schepper" } ] }, { "pmid": "8485024", "sid": "8485024", "name": "Fuhr1993a", "title": "Inhibitory effect of grapefruit juice and its bitter principal, naringenin, on CYP1A2 dependent metabolism of caffeine in man.", "abstract": "1. The effects of grapefruit juice and naringenin on the activity of the human cytochrome P450 isoform CYP1A2 were evaluated using caffeine as a probe substrate. 2. In vitro naringin was a potent competitive inhibitor of caffeine 3-demethylation by human liver microsomes (Ki = 7-29 microM). 3. In vivo grapefruit juice (1.2 l day-1 containing 0.5 g l-1 naringin, the glycone form of naringenin) decreased the oral clearance of caffeine by 23% (95% CI: 7%-30%) and prolonged its half-life by 31% (95% CI: 20%-44%) (n = 12). 4. We conclude that grapefruit juice and naringenin inhibit CYP1A2 activity in man. However, the small effect on caffeine clearance in vivo suggests that in general the ingestion of grapefruit juice should not cause clinically significant inhibition of the metabolism of other drugs that are substrates of CYPIA2.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1993-06-10", "authors": [ { "id": 945, "first_name": "U", "last_name": "Fuhr" }, { "id": 946, "first_name": "K", "last_name": "Klittich" }, { "id": 947, "first_name": "A H", "last_name": "Staib" } ] }, { "pmid": "9114910", "sid": "9114910", "name": "Prescott1993", "title": "Impaired absorption of paracetamol in vegetarians.", "abstract": "1. The absorption and disposition of paracetamol was investigated in 10 healthy male Thai vegetarians and 10 similar non-vegetarians following an oral dose of 20 mg kg-1. 2. The absorption rate of paracetamol was significantly impaired in the vegetarians compared with the non-vegetarians as shown by a lower mean Cmax (11.7 +/- 1.4 vs 15.6 +/- 1.6 mg l-1; 95% confidence interval of the difference 2.49 to 5.36), increased tmax (median 1.75, range 0.75 to 3 h compared with 0.75 and 0.25 to 2 h) and an increase in the time for input of 50% of the total amount absorbed (0.54 +/- 0.38 compared with 0.20 +/- 0.10 h; 95% confidence interval of the difference 0.063 to 0.61). 3. A significantly lower total 24 h urinary recovery of paracetamol and metabolites (72.1 +/- 5.4 vs 86.4 +/- 5.4% of the dose; 95% confidence interval of the difference 8.0 to 20.6) indicated a decrease in the extent of absorption in the vegetarians also, although the total AUC values did not differ significantly between the two groups. 4. The plasma paracetamol half-life, partial metabolic clearances and fractional urinary excretion of the glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates of paracetamol were similar in the vegetarians and non-vegetarians.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1997-05-01", "authors": [ { "id": 23, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" }, { "id": 24, "first_name": "K", "last_name": "Yoovathaworn" }, { "id": 25, "first_name": "K", "last_name": "Makarananda" }, { "id": 26, "first_name": "R", "last_name": "Saivises" }, { "id": 27, "first_name": "K", "last_name": "Sriwatanakul" } ] }, { "pmid": "6897933", "sid": "6897933", "name": "Abernethy1982a", "title": "Increased metabolic clearance of acetaminophen with oral contraceptive use.", "abstract": "The effect of chronic low-dose oral contraceptive steroid use on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous acetaminophen was determined. Eight women using low-dose (under 50 micrograms) estrogen oral contraceptive steroid for more than 3 months were matched for age and weight (mean age, 25.9 years; mean weight, 58.3 kg) with 8 female controls not using the steroid (mean age, 26.0 years; mean weight, 55.5 kg). No subject was taking other drugs. Oral contraceptive steroid subjects had a lower elimination half-life of acetaminophen (2.12 hours) than controls (2.71 hours) (P less than .005). Volume of distribution was similar for both groups (oral contraceptive group, 1.04 liters/kg; controls, 0.96 liters/kg; NS). Total metabolic clearance was significantly higher in oral contraceptive subjects (5.81 ml/min/kg, versus 4.12 ml/min/kg for controls; P less than .02). As volume of distribution and body weight are similar for both groups, the decrease in acetaminophen elimination half-life among contraceptive steroid users is the result of increased total metabolic clearance. Thus, low-dose estrogen oral contraceptive steroid may stimulate the metabolism of a conjugatively metabolized drug such as acetaminophen, in contrast to contraceptive steroid impairment of the clearance of some oxidatively metabolized drugs, with antipyrine being the prototype.", "journal": "Obstetrics and gynecology", "date": "1982-12-03", "authors": [ { "id": 28, "first_name": "D R", "last_name": "Abernethy" }, { "id": 29, "first_name": "M", "last_name": "Divoll" }, { "id": 30, "first_name": "H R", "last_name": "Ochs" }, { "id": 31, "first_name": "B", "last_name": "Ameer" }, { "id": 32, "first_name": "D J", "last_name": "Greenblatt" } ] }, { "pmid": "17442681", "sid": "17442681", "name": "Renner2007", "title": "Caffeine accelerates absorption and enhances the analgesic effect of acetaminophen.", "abstract": "The aim of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of acetaminophen compared to a combination of both caffeine and acetaminophen or caffeine alone using tonic and phasic pain stimulation. Twenty-four subjects were treated orally with 1000 mg acetaminophen, 130 mg caffeine, and a combination of both in a 4-way crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects were assessed by means of an experimental pain model based on pain-related cortical potentials after phasic stimulation of the nasal mucosa with CO(2) and based on pain ratings after tonic stimulation with dry air. Analgesic effects of acetaminophen and acetaminophen plus caffeine but not caffeine alone caused a significant reduction of pain-related cortical potentials beginning 30 minutes after medication. The combination demonstrated an enhanced effect throughout the observation time up to 3 hours. Caffeine accelerated acetaminophen absorption, indicated by enhanced early AUCs. Significant analgesic effects of the combination on tonic pain ratings were found throughout the observation time as compared to acetaminophen and placebo. In this study, caffeine enhanced and prolonged the analgesic activity of acetaminophen.", "journal": "Journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "2007-07-24", "authors": [ { "id": 371, "first_name": "Bertold", "last_name": "Renner" }, { "id": 372, "first_name": "Geoff", "last_name": "Clarke" }, { "id": 373, "first_name": "Tim", "last_name": "Grattan" }, { "id": 374, "first_name": "Angelika", "last_name": "Beisel" }, { "id": 375, "first_name": "Christian", "last_name": "Mueller" }, { "id": 376, "first_name": "Ulrike", "last_name": "Werner" }, { "id": 377, "first_name": "Gerd", "last_name": "Kobal" }, { "id": 378, "first_name": "Kay", "last_name": "Brune" } ] }, { "sid": "Prescott1968", "name": "Prescott1968", "title": "The comparative metabolism of phenacetin and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in man, with particular reference to effects on the kidney", "journal": "Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics", "date": "1968-10-10", "authors": [ { "id": 40, "first_name": "L.F.", "last_name": "Prescott" }, { "id": 41, "first_name": "M.", "last_name": "Sansur" }, { "id": 42, "first_name": "W.", "last_name": "Levin" }, { "id": 43, "first_name": "A.H.", "last_name": "Conney" } ] }, { "pmid": "760753", "sid": "760753", "name": "Perucca1979", "title": "Paracetamol disposition in normal subjects and in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs.", "abstract": "1 The serum concentration profile of paracetamol has been determined after administration of single 1000 mg intravenous and oral doses in six normal subjects and six epileptic patients on chronic antiepileptic drug therapy. The urinary excretion of free and conjugated paracetamol has also been determined. 2 Following intravenous administration, serum paracetamol concentration declined with first-order kinetics. Both elimination rate and total body clearance were higher in the epileptic patients, although in neither case was the difference statistically significant. 3 The oral bioavailability (mean +/- s.e. mean) was significantly lower in the epileptic patients than in the normal subjects (0.77 +/- 0.03 and 0.89 +/- 0.02 respectively, P less than 0.01), whereas the urinary excretion total (free+conjugated) paracetamol was almost identical in the two groups. 4 It is suggested that the lower bioavailability of paracetamol in the epileptic patients results from enhancement of first-pass metabolism, secondary to enzyme induction.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1979-04-28", "authors": [ { "id": 109, "first_name": "E", "last_name": "Perucca" }, { "id": 110, "first_name": "A", "last_name": "Richens" } ] }, { "pmid": "8448070", "sid": "8448070", "name": "Kamali1993a", "title": "Paracetamol elimination in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.", "abstract": "The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of an intravenous dose (500 mg) of paracetamol were studied in a group of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients (n = 10) and in a group of healthy control subjects (n = 9). Paracetamol clearance, half-life and the partial clearance to paracetamol glucuronide were not significantly different, but the partial clearance to paracetamol sulphate was significantly reduced (62 +/- 18 vs 86 +/- 17 ml h-1 kg-1 (mean +/- s.d.)) and the renal clearance of paracetamol was significantly increased (56 +/- 20 vs 22 +/- 6 ml h-1 kg-1 (mean +/- s.d.)) in the non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, compared with the control group.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1993-04-15", "authors": [ { "id": 506, "first_name": "F", "last_name": "Kamali" }, { "id": 507, "first_name": "S H", "last_name": "Thomas" }, { "id": 508, "first_name": "R E", "last_name": "Ferner" } ] }, { "pmid": "2920498", "sid": "2920498", "name": "Carbo1989", "title": "Effect of quinolones on caffeine disposition.", "abstract": "Six healthy volunteers received a single caffeine dose after pretreatment with norfloxacin, pipemidic acid, or placebo in a crossover, randomized, single-blind clinical trial. Quinolones altered the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, with a significant increase in the AUCs and a decrease in plasma clearance. The elimination half-life increased significantly with pipemidic acid. The apparent volume of distribution, mean renal clearance, and time to reach maximum caffeine concentrations remained unaltered. There was a decline in caffeine metabolite levels in the 24-hour urine samples for both quinolone treatments, suggesting that pipemidic acid and, to a lesser degree, norfloxacin inhibit metabolism of the N-demethylation pathways of caffeine. The practical consequence of this observation could be caffeine accumulation during repeated intake of coffee. In two additional healthy volunteers under a controlled multiple-dose regimen of caffeine ingestion, administration of pipemidic acid for 2 days caused a fourfold increase in the plasma concentrations of caffeine.", "journal": "Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics", "date": "1989-04-14", "authors": [ { "id": 614, "first_name": "M", "last_name": "Carbó" }, { "id": 615, "first_name": "J", "last_name": "Segura" }, { "id": 616, "first_name": "R", "last_name": "De la Torre" }, { "id": 617, "first_name": "J M", "last_name": "Badenas" }, { "id": 618, "first_name": "J", "last_name": "Camí" } ] }, { "pmid": "14571283", "sid": "14571283", "name": "Sevilla-Triado2003", "title": "Bioavailability of two new formulations of paracetamol, compared with three marketed formulations, in healthy volunteers.", "abstract": "The aim of this study was to compare the main pharmacokinetic characteristics of two new paracetamol formulations, powder sachet and tablet, with that of three commercially available paracetamol formulations: two conventional solid tablets and one effervescent tablet. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in an open, single dose (paracetamol 1,000 mg), randomized, five-way, crossover study. Formulations studied included: formulation A: 2 x 500 mg paracetamol tablets (Laboratorios Belmac S.A.); formulation B: 1 x 1,000 mg paracetamol powder sachets (Laboratorios Belmac, S.A.); formulation C: 2 x 500 mg paracetamol film-coated tablets (Panadol, SmithKline Beecham); formulation D: 2 x 500 mg paracetamol tablets (Tylenol, McNeil); and formulation E: 1 x 1,000 mg effervescent paracetamol tablets (Efferalgan, UPSA). The primary variables were area under the plasma concentration time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax). Mean AUC(0-infinity) ranged from 52.6 (B) to 56.3 microg x h/ml (D); mean Cmax varied between 17.98 (C) and 20.73 microg/ml (E); mean tmax ranged from 0.40 (E) to 0.88 h (C); and median t(1/2) varied between 2.65 (C) and 2.81 h (A). Formulations A, B and E showed significantly shorter tmax than formulation C. The tmax and Cmax values found for formulations A and B were very similar to that found for E, an effervescent tablet formulation. In conclusion, the two new formulations of paracetamol tested in this study were absorbed rapidly after a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, similar to an effervescent paracetamol formulation and significantly faster than two ordinary commercialized paracetamol tablets.", "journal": "Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology", "date": "2004-03-09", "authors": [ { "id": 44, "first_name": "F J", "last_name": "Sevilla-Tirado" }, { "id": 45, "first_name": "E B", "last_name": "González-Vallejo" }, { "id": 46, "first_name": "A C", "last_name": "Leary" }, { "id": 47, "first_name": "H J", "last_name": "Breedt" }, { "id": 48, "first_name": "V J", "last_name": "Hyde" }, { "id": 49, "first_name": "N", "last_name": "Fernández-Hernando" } ] }, { "sid": "Briant1976", "name": "Briant1976", "title": "The Rate of Acetaminophen Metabolism in the Elderly and the Young", "abstract": "Twenty‐eight elderly volunteers of the 65+ age group and 28 control subjects of the 20–40 age group each received a single oral dose (1 gm) of acetaminophen in powder form. The plasma level of acetaminophen was measured over 6 hours. Plasma half‐life, clearance and relative volume of distribution of the drug were calculated. Within each age group there was a wide (threefold) range of plasma half‐life and clearance rate, with a great deal of overlap between the two groups. However, for the elderly, the group mean half‐life of acetaminophen was 2.17 hours, significantly longer than for the young (1.75 hours). The clearance rate in the elderly was significantly slower than in the young (.254 and .340 L/kg/hour respectively). There was no age‐related difference in volume of distribution of the drug by any measure, and no significant influence of sex.", "journal": "Journal of the American Geriatrics Society", "date": "1976-08-01", "authors": [ { "id": 50, "first_name": "Robin H.", "last_name": "Briant" } ] }, { "pmid": "6487489", "sid": "6487489", "name": "Clements1984", "title": "The role of sulphate conjugation in the metabolism and disposition of oral and intravenous paracetamol in man.", "abstract": "The effects of paracetamol dose (5 and 20 mg/kg) and route of administration (intravenous and oral) on the urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates were studied in five healthy subjects. The fractional urinary excretion of unchanged paracetamol and its conjugates was independent of the route of administration at both dose levels, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract is not an important site for paracetamol metabolism. The percentage of the dose excreted as the sulphate conjugate was significantly higher after 5 than after 20 mg/kg (37.7% and 33.3% respectively) and this is consistent with saturation of sulphate conjugation. No significant effect of paracetamol dose upon the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), corrected for dose, was found for the sulphate or glucuronide conjugates. The total plasma clearance of paracetamol and the renal clearance of the sulphate conjugate were significantly higher after the 5 than the 20 mg/kg dose (331 +/- 42 ml/min and 295 +/- 48 ml/min; 273 +/- 74 ml/min and 205 +/- 46 ml/min respectively). The oral systemic availability of paracetamol was 80% and independent of dose.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1984-12-20", "authors": [ { "id": 51, "first_name": "J A", "last_name": "Clements" }, { "id": 52, "first_name": "J A", "last_name": "Critchley" }, { "id": 53, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" } ] }, { "pmid": "7397068", "sid": "7397068", "name": "Brodie1980", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb05853.x", "title": "Drug metabolism in white vegetarians.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1980-10-21", "authors": [ { "id": 54, "first_name": "M J", "last_name": "Brodie" }, { "id": 55, "first_name": "A R", "last_name": "Boobis" }, { "id": 56, "first_name": "E L", "last_name": "Toverud" }, { "id": 57, "first_name": "W", "last_name": "Ellis" }, { "id": 58, "first_name": "S", "last_name": "Murray" }, { "id": 59, "first_name": "C T", "last_name": "Dollery" }, { "id": 60, "first_name": "S", "last_name": "Webster" }, { "id": 61, "first_name": "R", "last_name": "Harrison" } ] }, { "pmid": "12079004", "sid": "12079004", "name": "Itoh2002", "title": "Effect of nizatidine on paracetamol and its metabolites in human plasma.", "abstract": "The effect of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, nizatidine, on plasma concentrations of paracetamol has been investigated with respectto hepatic metabolism. Paracetamol (1000 mg) together with 300 or 150 mg nizatidine or placebo was orally administered to five healthy male volunteers. Venous blood samples were taken before and after administration. Plasma paracetamol and paracetamol conjugates (glucuronide and sulfate) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma paracetamol concentration-time curves of each volunteer. The plasma nizatidine concentration was highest (2420.0+/-192.4 and 996.0+/-54.6 ng mL(-1)) in the sample taken 1 h after administration of 300 mg nizatidine (high dose) and 150mg nizatidine (low dose), respectively. Plasma paracetamol concentrations with nizatidine (high and low doses) were increased significantly at 45-120 min and 45-60 min, respectively, compared with placebo. The total area under the plasma paracetamol concentration-time curve from 0 to 180 min (2361.5+/-146.4 and 2085.75+/-73.5 microg min mL(-1)) significantly increased after coadministration of nizatidine (high and low doses), respectively (P < 0.01 vs placebo). Paracetamol glucuronide concentrations with nizatidine (high and low doses) were decreased significantly at 30-45 min and 30 min, respectively, compared with placebo. However, plasma paracetamol sulfate concentrations with nizatidine (high and low doses) were not significantly altered. The coadministration of nizatidine (150 and 300 mg) dose-dependently reduces plasma paracetamol glucuronide concentrations and increases plasma paracetamol concentrations. The effects of nizatidine could result from the inhibition of glucuronyltransferase. Thus, care is necessary when paracetamol and nizatidine are coadministered.", "journal": "The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology", "date": "2003-02-13", "authors": [ { "id": 62, "first_name": "Hiroki", "last_name": "Itoh" }, { "id": 63, "first_name": "Toshiaki", "last_name": "Nagano" }, { "id": 64, "first_name": "Masaharu", "last_name": "Takeyama" } ] } ] } }