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{ "current_page": 1, "last_page": 35, "next_page_url": "https://pk-db.com/api/v1/references/?format=api&page=2", "prev_page_url": null, "data": { "count": 684, "data": [ { "pk": 1, "pmid": "1263112", "sid": "1263112", "name": "Lowenthal1976", "doi": null, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen elimination by anephric patients.", "abstract": "The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen elimination were determined in five surgically anephric and five physiologically anephric patients on an interdialysis day, and in three normal adult volunteers. There was no significant difference in the biologic half-life and no apparent difference in the volume of distribution of acetaminophen between the three groups of subjects but the anephrics, unlike the normal subjects, showed pronounced accumulation of acetaminophen glucuronide and sulfate in plasma. The apparent volume of distribution for conjugated acetaminophen is considerably smaller than that for the unmetabolized drug even though neither acetaminophen nor its glucuronide or sulfate is significantly bound to plasma proteins. The results of this study indicate that the kidneys do not contribute significantly to the elimination of acetaminophen in man. Sin ce acetaminophen is eliminated largely by conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate, it can be concluded that the kidneys do not contribute significantly to the formation of these metabolites.", "journal": "The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics", "date": "1976-07-06", "authors": [ { "pk": 1, "first_name": "D T", "last_name": "Lowenthal" }, { "pk": 2, "first_name": "S", "last_name": "Oie" }, { "pk": 3, "first_name": "J C", "last_name": "Van Stone" }, { "pk": 4, "first_name": "W A", "last_name": "Briggs" }, { "pk": 5, "first_name": "G", "last_name": "Levy" } ] }, { "pk": 3, "pmid": null, "sid": "Sanaka2002", "name": "Sanaka2002", "doi": null, "title": "Gastric emptying of liquids is delayed by co-ingesting solids: a study using salivary paracetamol concentrations", "abstract": null, "journal": "Gastroenterology", "date": "2002-10-10", "authors": [ { "pk": 8, "first_name": "Masaki", "last_name": "Sanaka" }, { "pk": 9, "first_name": "Satoru", "last_name": "Mineshita" } ] }, { "pk": 2, "pmid": "4942784", "sid": "4942784", "name": "Levy1971b", "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600600423", "title": "Drug biotransformation interactions in man. V. Acetaminophen and salicylic acid.", "abstract": null, "journal": "Journal of pharmaceutical sciences", "date": "1972-02-22", "authors": [ { "pk": 6, "first_name": "G", "last_name": "Levy" }, { "pk": 7, "first_name": "C G", "last_name": "Regårdh" } ] }, { "pk": 5, "pmid": "7263926", "sid": "7263926", "name": "Lee1981", "doi": null, "title": "The effect of obesity on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in man.", "abstract": "This study examined the absorption and disposition of orally administered acetaminophen in morbidly obese patients as compared to subjects of normal weight, and possible changes in disposition as the patients underwent weight reduction through dietary modification. The overall disposition of acetaminophen was not affected by a weight loss of 8 to 30 kg; elimination half-life, time to reach the peak, and peak plasma concentration varied within each subject but not in a systematic way. The half-life was the same in the obese patients (2.6 +/- 0.85 hours) and normal subjects (2.6 +/- 0.12 hours). However, maximum plasma concentrations were reached at a significantly later time and were significantly lower in the obese patients as compared to the normals, implying an apparently lower absorption rate. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for the obese patients when normalized to ideal body weight was more consistent with that in the normal subjects than when normalized to total body weight. Administration of a normal dose of acetaminophen to an obese patient should yield plasma levels in the same range as persons of normal weight. As total weight may exceed 200 per cent of the ideal weight in this patient group, dosing according to total rather than ideal weight could lead to toxic or lethal effects when using the 10 mg/kg dosing recommendation.", "journal": "Journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1981-10-25", "authors": [ { "pk": 14, "first_name": "W H", "last_name": "Lee" }, { "pk": 15, "first_name": "W G", "last_name": "Kramer" }, { "pk": 16, "first_name": "G E", "last_name": "Granville" } ] }, { "pk": 4, "pmid": "499292", "sid": "499292", "name": "Forrest1979", "doi": null, "title": "Paracetamol metabolism in chronic liver disease.", "abstract": "The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates were measured in eight normal subjects, eight patients with mild liver disease and seven patients with severe liver disease following an oral dose of 1.5 g of paracetamol. The mean plasma paracetamol half-life was similar in normal subjects (2.43 h +/- 0.19) but was significantly prolonged in all patients with severe liver disease (4.25 h +/- 1.15:p = less than 0.001). Prolongation of the paracetamol half-life was related to reduced plasma albumin and increased prothrombin time. The mean ratios of plasma concentrations of unchanged paracetamol to paracetamol glucoronide and sulphate were significantly greater in patients with sever liver disease than the normal subjects. There were no significant differences in the overall 24-h urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the three groups. The glutathione conjugation of paracetamol did not seem to be impaired in patients with severe liver disease as evidence by the production of normal amounts of the cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. There is thus no evidence that they are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity when given a single therapeutic dose of paracetamol.", "journal": "European journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1980-01-24", "authors": [ { "pk": 10, "first_name": "J A", "last_name": "Forrest" }, { "pk": 11, "first_name": "P", "last_name": "Adriaenssens" }, { "pk": 12, "first_name": "N D", "last_name": "Finlayson" }, { "pk": 13, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" } ] }, { "pk": 7, "pmid": "9114910", "sid": "9114910", "name": "Prescott1993", "doi": null, "title": "Impaired absorption of paracetamol in vegetarians.", "abstract": "1. The absorption and disposition of paracetamol was investigated in 10 healthy male Thai vegetarians and 10 similar non-vegetarians following an oral dose of 20 mg kg-1. 2. The absorption rate of paracetamol was significantly impaired in the vegetarians compared with the non-vegetarians as shown by a lower mean Cmax (11.7 +/- 1.4 vs 15.6 +/- 1.6 mg l-1; 95% confidence interval of the difference 2.49 to 5.36), increased tmax (median 1.75, range 0.75 to 3 h compared with 0.75 and 0.25 to 2 h) and an increase in the time for input of 50% of the total amount absorbed (0.54 +/- 0.38 compared with 0.20 +/- 0.10 h; 95% confidence interval of the difference 0.063 to 0.61). 3. A significantly lower total 24 h urinary recovery of paracetamol and metabolites (72.1 +/- 5.4 vs 86.4 +/- 5.4% of the dose; 95% confidence interval of the difference 8.0 to 20.6) indicated a decrease in the extent of absorption in the vegetarians also, although the total AUC values did not differ significantly between the two groups. 4. The plasma paracetamol half-life, partial metabolic clearances and fractional urinary excretion of the glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates of paracetamol were similar in the vegetarians and non-vegetarians.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1997-05-01", "authors": [ { "pk": 23, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" }, { "pk": 24, "first_name": "K", "last_name": "Yoovathaworn" }, { "pk": 25, "first_name": "K", "last_name": "Makarananda" }, { "pk": 26, "first_name": "R", "last_name": "Saivises" }, { "pk": 27, "first_name": "K", "last_name": "Sriwatanakul" } ] }, { "pk": 8, "pmid": "6897933", "sid": "6897933", "name": "Abernethy1982a", "doi": null, "title": "Increased metabolic clearance of acetaminophen with oral contraceptive use.", "abstract": "The effect of chronic low-dose oral contraceptive steroid use on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous acetaminophen was determined. Eight women using low-dose (under 50 micrograms) estrogen oral contraceptive steroid for more than 3 months were matched for age and weight (mean age, 25.9 years; mean weight, 58.3 kg) with 8 female controls not using the steroid (mean age, 26.0 years; mean weight, 55.5 kg). No subject was taking other drugs. Oral contraceptive steroid subjects had a lower elimination half-life of acetaminophen (2.12 hours) than controls (2.71 hours) (P less than .005). Volume of distribution was similar for both groups (oral contraceptive group, 1.04 liters/kg; controls, 0.96 liters/kg; NS). Total metabolic clearance was significantly higher in oral contraceptive subjects (5.81 ml/min/kg, versus 4.12 ml/min/kg for controls; P less than .02). As volume of distribution and body weight are similar for both groups, the decrease in acetaminophen elimination half-life among contraceptive steroid users is the result of increased total metabolic clearance. Thus, low-dose estrogen oral contraceptive steroid may stimulate the metabolism of a conjugatively metabolized drug such as acetaminophen, in contrast to contraceptive steroid impairment of the clearance of some oxidatively metabolized drugs, with antipyrine being the prototype.", "journal": "Obstetrics and gynecology", "date": "1982-12-03", "authors": [ { "pk": 28, "first_name": "D R", "last_name": "Abernethy" }, { "pk": 29, "first_name": "M", "last_name": "Divoll" }, { "pk": 30, "first_name": "H R", "last_name": "Ochs" }, { "pk": 31, "first_name": "B", "last_name": "Ameer" }, { "pk": 32, "first_name": "D J", "last_name": "Greenblatt" } ] }, { "pk": 11, "pmid": null, "sid": "Prescott1968", "name": "Prescott1968", "doi": null, "title": "The comparative metabolism of phenacetin and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in man, with particular reference to effects on the kidney", "abstract": null, "journal": "Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics", "date": "1968-10-10", "authors": [ { "pk": 40, "first_name": "L.F.", "last_name": "Prescott" }, { "pk": 41, "first_name": "M.", "last_name": "Sansur" }, { "pk": 42, "first_name": "W.", "last_name": "Levin" }, { "pk": 43, "first_name": "A.H.", "last_name": "Conney" } ] }, { "pk": 12, "pmid": "14571283", "sid": "14571283", "name": "Sevilla-Triado2003", "doi": null, "title": "Bioavailability of two new formulations of paracetamol, compared with three marketed formulations, in healthy volunteers.", "abstract": "The aim of this study was to compare the main pharmacokinetic characteristics of two new paracetamol formulations, powder sachet and tablet, with that of three commercially available paracetamol formulations: two conventional solid tablets and one effervescent tablet. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in an open, single dose (paracetamol 1,000 mg), randomized, five-way, crossover study. Formulations studied included: formulation A: 2 x 500 mg paracetamol tablets (Laboratorios Belmac S.A.); formulation B: 1 x 1,000 mg paracetamol powder sachets (Laboratorios Belmac, S.A.); formulation C: 2 x 500 mg paracetamol film-coated tablets (Panadol, SmithKline Beecham); formulation D: 2 x 500 mg paracetamol tablets (Tylenol, McNeil); and formulation E: 1 x 1,000 mg effervescent paracetamol tablets (Efferalgan, UPSA). The primary variables were area under the plasma concentration time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax). Mean AUC(0-infinity) ranged from 52.6 (B) to 56.3 microg x h/ml (D); mean Cmax varied between 17.98 (C) and 20.73 microg/ml (E); mean tmax ranged from 0.40 (E) to 0.88 h (C); and median t(1/2) varied between 2.65 (C) and 2.81 h (A). Formulations A, B and E showed significantly shorter tmax than formulation C. The tmax and Cmax values found for formulations A and B were very similar to that found for E, an effervescent tablet formulation. In conclusion, the two new formulations of paracetamol tested in this study were absorbed rapidly after a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, similar to an effervescent paracetamol formulation and significantly faster than two ordinary commercialized paracetamol tablets.", "journal": "Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology", "date": "2004-03-09", "authors": [ { "pk": 44, "first_name": "F J", "last_name": "Sevilla-Tirado" }, { "pk": 45, "first_name": "E B", "last_name": "González-Vallejo" }, { "pk": 46, "first_name": "A C", "last_name": "Leary" }, { "pk": 47, "first_name": "H J", "last_name": "Breedt" }, { "pk": 48, "first_name": "V J", "last_name": "Hyde" }, { "pk": 49, "first_name": "N", "last_name": "Fernández-Hernando" } ] }, { "pk": 15, "pmid": "7397068", "sid": "7397068", "name": "Brodie1980", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb05853.x", "title": "Drug metabolism in white vegetarians.", "abstract": null, "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1980-10-21", "authors": [ { "pk": 54, "first_name": "M J", "last_name": "Brodie" }, { "pk": 55, "first_name": "A R", "last_name": "Boobis" }, { "pk": 56, "first_name": "E L", "last_name": "Toverud" }, { "pk": 57, "first_name": "W", "last_name": "Ellis" }, { "pk": 58, "first_name": "S", "last_name": "Murray" }, { "pk": 59, "first_name": "C T", "last_name": "Dollery" }, { "pk": 60, "first_name": "S", "last_name": "Webster" }, { "pk": 61, "first_name": "R", "last_name": "Harrison" } ] }, { "pk": 14, "pmid": "6487489", "sid": "6487489", "name": "Clements1984", "doi": null, "title": "The role of sulphate conjugation in the metabolism and disposition of oral and intravenous paracetamol in man.", "abstract": "The effects of paracetamol dose (5 and 20 mg/kg) and route of administration (intravenous and oral) on the urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates were studied in five healthy subjects. The fractional urinary excretion of unchanged paracetamol and its conjugates was independent of the route of administration at both dose levels, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract is not an important site for paracetamol metabolism. The percentage of the dose excreted as the sulphate conjugate was significantly higher after 5 than after 20 mg/kg (37.7% and 33.3% respectively) and this is consistent with saturation of sulphate conjugation. No significant effect of paracetamol dose upon the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), corrected for dose, was found for the sulphate or glucuronide conjugates. The total plasma clearance of paracetamol and the renal clearance of the sulphate conjugate were significantly higher after the 5 than the 20 mg/kg dose (331 +/- 42 ml/min and 295 +/- 48 ml/min; 273 +/- 74 ml/min and 205 +/- 46 ml/min respectively). The oral systemic availability of paracetamol was 80% and independent of dose.", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1984-12-20", "authors": [ { "pk": 51, "first_name": "J A", "last_name": "Clements" }, { "pk": 52, "first_name": "J A", "last_name": "Critchley" }, { "pk": 53, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" } ] }, { "pk": 13, "pmid": null, "sid": "Briant1976", "name": "Briant1976", "doi": null, "title": "The Rate of Acetaminophen Metabolism in the Elderly and the Young", "abstract": "Twenty‐eight elderly volunteers of the 65+ age group and 28 control subjects of the 20–40 age group each received a single oral dose (1 gm) of acetaminophen in powder form. The plasma level of acetaminophen was measured over 6 hours. Plasma half‐life, clearance and relative volume of distribution of the drug were calculated. Within each age group there was a wide (threefold) range of plasma half‐life and clearance rate, with a great deal of overlap between the two groups. However, for the elderly, the group mean half‐life of acetaminophen was 2.17 hours, significantly longer than for the young (1.75 hours). The clearance rate in the elderly was significantly slower than in the young (.254 and .340 L/kg/hour respectively). There was no age‐related difference in volume of distribution of the drug by any measure, and no significant influence of sex.", "journal": "Journal of the American Geriatrics Society", "date": "1976-08-01", "authors": [ { "pk": 50, "first_name": "Robin H.", "last_name": "Briant" } ] }, { "pk": 16, "pmid": "12079004", "sid": "12079004", "name": "Itoh2002", "doi": null, "title": "Effect of nizatidine on paracetamol and its metabolites in human plasma.", "abstract": "The effect of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, nizatidine, on plasma concentrations of paracetamol has been investigated with respectto hepatic metabolism. Paracetamol (1000 mg) together with 300 or 150 mg nizatidine or placebo was orally administered to five healthy male volunteers. Venous blood samples were taken before and after administration. Plasma paracetamol and paracetamol conjugates (glucuronide and sulfate) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma paracetamol concentration-time curves of each volunteer. The plasma nizatidine concentration was highest (2420.0+/-192.4 and 996.0+/-54.6 ng mL(-1)) in the sample taken 1 h after administration of 300 mg nizatidine (high dose) and 150mg nizatidine (low dose), respectively. Plasma paracetamol concentrations with nizatidine (high and low doses) were increased significantly at 45-120 min and 45-60 min, respectively, compared with placebo. The total area under the plasma paracetamol concentration-time curve from 0 to 180 min (2361.5+/-146.4 and 2085.75+/-73.5 microg min mL(-1)) significantly increased after coadministration of nizatidine (high and low doses), respectively (P < 0.01 vs placebo). Paracetamol glucuronide concentrations with nizatidine (high and low doses) were decreased significantly at 30-45 min and 30 min, respectively, compared with placebo. However, plasma paracetamol sulfate concentrations with nizatidine (high and low doses) were not significantly altered. The coadministration of nizatidine (150 and 300 mg) dose-dependently reduces plasma paracetamol glucuronide concentrations and increases plasma paracetamol concentrations. The effects of nizatidine could result from the inhibition of glucuronyltransferase. Thus, care is necessary when paracetamol and nizatidine are coadministered.", "journal": "The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology", "date": "2003-02-13", "authors": [ { "pk": 62, "first_name": "Hiroki", "last_name": "Itoh" }, { "pk": 63, "first_name": "Toshiaki", "last_name": "Nagano" }, { "pk": 64, "first_name": "Masaharu", "last_name": "Takeyama" } ] }, { "pk": 18, "pmid": null, "sid": "Nimmo1978", "name": "Nimmo1978", "doi": null, "title": "The influence of posture on paracetamol absorption", "abstract": null, "journal": "Br. J. clin. Pharmac.", "date": "1978-10-31", "authors": [ { "pk": 73, "first_name": "W.S.", "last_name": "Nimmo" }, { "pk": 74, "first_name": "L.F.", "last_name": "Prescott" } ] }, { "pk": 19, "pmid": "7069091", "sid": "7069091", "name": "Divoll1982", "doi": null, "title": "Age does not alter acetaminophen absorption.", "abstract": "Twenty-eight healthy volunteers (age range, 22-78 years) received 650 mg of acetaminophen (AAP) on three separate occasions. The modes of administration were 1) intravenous, 5-minute infusion; 2) oral, with two 325-mg tablets; and 3) oral, with 650 mg as an elixir preparation. Plasma levels of AAP were determined in blood samples drawn up to 12 hours after the dose. The mean (+/- sd) kinetic variables for absorption of AAP from tablets in young and elderly were peak plasma concentration, 11.8 (+/- 4.2) vs 10.9 (+/- 4.1) micrograms/ml; peak time, 0.79 (+/- .54) vs 0.69 (+/- .40) hours after the dose; absorption half-life, 12.6 (+/- 9.8) vs. 8.2 (+/- 5.3) minutes; and absolute systemic availability, 79 (+/- 9) vs 72 (+/- 11) per cent. For AAP elixir, the corresponding values were 12.6 (+/- 5.4) vs 13.7 (+/- 6.0) micrograms/ml; 0.52 (+/- .24) vs 0.54 (+/- .51) hours; 8.6 (+/- 6.2) vs 6.1 (+/- 6.6) minutes; and 87 (+/- 9) vs 80 (+/- 9) per cent. Absolute bioavailability of both oral dosage forms was significantly less then 100 per cent in all groups. Elderly subjects tended to show lower availability of both oral preparations, but the difference was of borderline significance (P less than .50). Age did not influence any other measures of absorption. Since the absorption rate of acetaminophen may be indicative of the gastric emptying rate, age does not appear to alter this rate-limiting step in drug absorption.", "journal": "Journal of the American Geriatrics Society", "date": "1982-06-24", "authors": [ { "pk": 75, "first_name": "M", "last_name": "Divoll" }, { "pk": 76, "first_name": "B", "last_name": "Ameer" }, { "pk": 77, "first_name": "D R", "last_name": "Abernethy" }, { "pk": 78, "first_name": "D J", "last_name": "Greenblatt" } ] }, { "pk": 20, "pmid": "4694406", "sid": "4694406", "name": "Nimmo1973", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.1.5853.587", "title": "Pharmacological modification of gastric emptying: effects of propantheline and metoclopromide on paracetamol absorption.", "abstract": "The rate of paracetamol absorption depends on the rate of gastric emptying. Propantheline delayed gastric emptying and markedly slowed the absorption of paracetamol in six convalescent hospital patients. Conversely, the absorption of paracetamol in five healthy volunteers was accelerated by metoclopramide, a drug which stimulates gastric emptying. The total 24-hour urinary excretion of paracetamol was not influenced by propantheline or metoclopramide. Other similar absorption interactions probably occur since drugs are poorly absorbed from the stomach and many therapeutic agents influence gastrointestinal motility.", "journal": "British medical journal", "date": "1973-05-24", "authors": [ { "pk": 79, "first_name": "J", "last_name": "Nimmo" }, { "pk": 80, "first_name": "R C", "last_name": "Heading" }, { "pk": 81, "first_name": "P", "last_name": "Tothill" }, { "pk": 82, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" } ] }, { "pk": 17, "pmid": "9516037", "sid": "9516037", "name": "Paintaud1998", "doi": null, "title": "Intraindividual variability of paracetamol absorption kinetics after a semi-solid meal in healthy volunteers.", "abstract": "The assessment of paracetamol absorption kinetics is reproducible when the drug is given together with a semi-solid meal in Helicobacter pylori-negative healthy subjects.", "journal": "European journal of clinical pharmacology", "date": "1998-04-30", "authors": [ { "pk": 65, "first_name": "G", "last_name": "Paintaud" }, { "pk": 66, "first_name": "P", "last_name": "Thibault" }, { "pk": 67, "first_name": "P E", "last_name": "Queneau" }, { "pk": 68, "first_name": "J", "last_name": "Magnette" }, { "pk": 69, "first_name": "M", "last_name": "Bérard" }, { "pk": 70, "first_name": "L", "last_name": "Rumbach" }, { "pk": 71, "first_name": "P R", "last_name": "Bechtel" }, { "pk": 72, "first_name": "P", "last_name": "Carayon" } ] }, { "pk": 21, "pmid": "4788034", "sid": "4788034", "name": "Prescott1973", "doi": null, "title": "The effects of hepatic and renal damage on paracetamol metabolism and excretion following overdosage. A pharmacokinetic study.", "abstract": "1. The kinetics of paracetamol metabolism and excretion were studied in 41 patients following overdosage. Acute hepatic necrosis developed in 23 patients and in 3 of these acute renal failure also occurred. Two patients died in hepatic failure.2. Paracetamol metabolism was impaired in the patients with liver damage. The plasma half-life of the unchanged drug was significantly prolonged, and the ratio of the plasma concentrations of unchanged to conjugated paracetamol was significantly higher than in the patients without liver damage.3. Paracetamol and its conjugates were rapidly excreted in the urine. However, excretion was slower in patients with liver damage and a higher proportion was excreted unchanged.4. The renal clearance of unchanged (but not conjugated) paracetamol was related to the urine flow rate. However, forced diuresis is of no practical value and is contraindicated on clinical grounds. There was no correlation between urine pH and clearance of unchanged or conjugated drug.5. In patients with hepatic necrosis there was a marked decrease in the overall elimination rate constant which could be accounted for by decreased metabolite formation. Except in patients with acute renal failure, the urinary excretion rate constants were similar to those observed in patients without liver damage.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "date": "1974-06-17", "authors": [ { "pk": 83, "first_name": "L F", "last_name": "Prescott" }, { "pk": 84, "first_name": "N", "last_name": "Wright" } ] }, { "pk": 24, "pmid": "11427360", "sid": "11427360", "name": "Yin2001", "doi": null, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in Hong Kong Chinese subjects.", "abstract": "The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen have been well studied in different populations, especially in Caucasians. However, limited studies on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics have been conducted in the native Chinese and few such data have been reported in the English language literature. Previous published studies suggested that environmental and genetic factors may cause inter-individual difference in acetaminophen disposition, thus we investigated the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in Hong Kong Chinese subjects. A single 500 mg oral dose of acetaminophen was administered to 12 healthy male Chinese subjects under fasting conditions. Multiple blood samples were obtained after drug administration. Plasma acetaminophen concentrations were determined using HPLC, and its main pharmacokinetic parameters were generated. In comparison to other published data, acetaminophen half-life was considerably longer (15-62%), and oral clearance was lower (16-56%) in Hong Kong Chinese as compared to Australian Chinese, Caucasians (USA, UK, Australia), and subjects from Pakistan, Denmark, Spain and South Africa. Similarities however were found in the pharmacokinetic parameters between Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Chinese subjects. The observed pharmacokinetic parameters of acetaminophen in Hong Kong Chinese subjects may be different from other ethnic populations. Further studies are needed to verify this hypothesis.", "journal": "International journal of pharmaceutics", "date": "2001-08-16", "authors": [ { "pk": 95, "first_name": "O Q", "last_name": "Yin" }, { "pk": 96, "first_name": "B", "last_name": "Tomlinson" }, { "pk": 97, "first_name": "A H", "last_name": "Chow" }, { "pk": 98, "first_name": "M S", "last_name": "Chow" } ] }, { "pk": 23, "pmid": "3113968", "sid": "3113968", "name": "Ullrich1987", "doi": null, "title": "Normal pathways for glucuronidation, sulphation and oxidation of paracetamol in Gilbert's syndrome.", "abstract": "A group of eleven subjects with Gilbert's syndrome was characterized by conventional tests and determination of bilirubin and its conjugates in plasma by alkaline methanolysis and thin layer chromatography. After a 1 g dose of paracetamol h.s. the drug and its metabolites were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the overnight 8-h urine sample. The amounts of paracetamol and of its metabolites recovered in urine were almost identical with those found in the control group (n = 10). The glucuronide:paracetamol ratio, which is considered to be an index of glucuronidation, was not correlated with the fraction of bilirubin present in plasma as glucuronides. These data do not suggest that in subjects with Gilbert's syndrome therapeutic doses of paracetamol are associated with an increased risk for hepatic or systemic toxicity.", "journal": "European journal of clinical investigation", "date": "1987-10-19", "authors": [ { "pk": 89, "first_name": "D", "last_name": "Ullrich" }, { "pk": 90, "first_name": "A", "last_name": "Sieg" }, { "pk": 91, "first_name": "R", "last_name": "Blume" }, { "pk": 92, "first_name": "K W", "last_name": "Bock" }, { "pk": 93, "first_name": "W", "last_name": "Schröter" }, { "pk": 94, "first_name": "J", "last_name": "Bircher" } ] } ] } }